Mountains, covering approximately 27% of Earth’s land surface, are vital bastions of biodiversity. These towering formations host a remarkable array of ecosystems and species, many of which are endemic and found nowhere else on the planet.

Unique Ecosystems and Species

Mountain regions are characterized by a rapid succession of diverse ecosystems over short distances, a phenomenon known as altitudinal zonation. This creates habitats ranging from lush forests at lower elevations to alpine meadows and tundra near the peaks. Such diversity supports a high level of species richness and endemism.

Mountains are home to about half of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, despite covering a fraction of the Earth’s surface. These areas are critical for the survival of numerous species, including unique flora like the Chusquea martinezii bamboo and fauna such as the snow leopard and pika.

Ecological Significance

Beyond their role as habitats, mountains provide essential ecosystem services. They are the source of most of the world’s rivers, supplying fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. The varied climates and soils in mountainous regions have also given rise to important agricultural biodiversity; for instance, six of the 20 most crucial food crops originated in mountain areas.

Threats to Mountain Biodiversity

Despite their importance, mountain ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human activities. Climate change is causing temperature shifts that alter habitats, pushing species to higher elevations and leading to potential losses in biodiversity. Additionally, activities such as mining, deforestation, and unsustainable agriculture degrade these fragile environments. For example, nickel mining in regions like New Caledonia poses significant threats to unique plant species that have evolved over millions of years.

Conservation Efforts

Recognizing these challenges, various conservation initiatives are underway. In Canada, the Wildlife Conservation Society is collaborating with local communities to identify Key Biodiversity Areas in mountain regions, highlighting critical places for conservation action. These areas are vital for preserving species and ecosystems unique to Canada’s mountainous landscapes.

In New Zealand, The Nature Conservancy is leveraging science and indigenous knowledge to protect natural resources at scale. Their efforts include restoring mussel beds in the Hauraki Gulf and supporting ecological restoration projects across the country. These initiatives aim to enhance biodiversity and the resilience of New Zealand’s mountain ecosystems.

Additionally, the New Zealand Department of Conservation’s Arawai Kākāriki wetland restoration programme is leading the ecological restoration of significant wetland sites, contributing to the overall health of mountain ecosystems.

Mountains are indispensable reservoirs of biodiversity, offering irreplaceable ecological services and habitats for countless species. Protecting these environments requires global awareness and concerted conservation efforts to ensure that the rich tapestry of life they support continues to thrive.